Flashback: Holden's frequent flashbacks to his childhood show how his past experiences have shaped his present attitudes and behavior.
Symbolism: The red hunting hat that Holden wears symbolizes his longing for innocence and childhood, as well as his desire to be different.
Irony: Holden's name, Caulfield, is a play on words that suggests he feels trapped or confined (like a coffin).
Allusion: Holden's frequent allusions to poetry, literature, and mythology show his intelligence and education, as well as his desire to connect with something greater than himself.
Satire: Holden's satirical observations on society, such as his critique of wealthy people, show his disillusionment with the adult world.
Stream-of-consciousness: Holden's thoughts are often presented in a stream-of-consciousness manner, which reflects his chaotic inner state.
Dialogue: Holden's frequent conversations with other characters show how he interacts with the world around him, as well as how he forms relationships with others.
Leitmotif: The recurring motif of the "catcher in the rye" represents Holden's desire to protect children from the corruption of the adult world.