Which factor contributed most to the increased importance of literature in American culture during 19th century?

The factor that contributed most to the increased importance of literature in American culture during the 19th century is the rise of a vibrant middle class with leisure time and disposable income.

Here's why:

* Growth of Literacy: The 19th century saw a surge in literacy rates due to improved access to education and the rise of public schools.

* Industrialization and Urbanization: The Industrial Revolution led to a growing middle class with more free time and money. This newfound leisure was often spent on cultural pursuits like reading.

* New Printing Technologies: Advances in printing technology made books more affordable and accessible to a wider audience.

* The Emergence of a National Identity: American literature, particularly works focusing on the American experience, contributed to the development of a distinct national identity. Writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman explored themes of American democracy, individualism, and the frontier.

* The Rise of Magazines and Newspapers: The expansion of the print media provided platforms for authors to reach a larger audience and created a growing demand for literary content.

While other factors like social reform movements and the desire for self-improvement also played a role, the rise of a middle class with leisure time and disposable income was the most significant factor in elevating literature to a central position in American culture.