1. Emphasis on Primary Sources: Ranke is famous for his motto, "wie es eigentlich gewesen" ("as it actually was"). He believed that historians should strive for objectivity by relying on primary sources - original documents, letters, diaries, and eyewitness accounts - to reconstruct the past. He emphasized meticulous research and critical analysis of these sources, moving away from the reliance on secondary accounts and historical narratives that were prevalent in his time.
2. Scientific Approach to History: Ranke brought a scientific approach to history, emphasizing the importance of evidence, analysis, and logical reasoning. He saw history as a distinct field of study with its own methodologies and rigorous standards of proof. This approach helped to elevate history from a literary or philosophical endeavor to a more rigorous academic discipline.
3. Focus on Political History: Ranke's work primarily focused on political history, particularly the history of European states. He aimed to understand the political dynamics, power struggles, and international relations of the past. His extensive research on the Reformation and the Italian Renaissance provided rich insights into these periods and laid the foundation for future research.
4. The "Rankean School": Ranke's influence was so significant that he established a "school" of historical thought. His students and followers, known as "Rankeans," adopted his methods and spread his ideas across Europe. They contributed to the development of historical studies in various countries and shaped the landscape of historical research.
5. Importance of Context: Ranke emphasized the importance of understanding historical events within their specific context. He believed that events should not be judged by modern standards or values but should be analyzed within the framework of their time. This approach helped to avoid anachronisms and promote a deeper understanding of the past.
6. Legacy: Ranke's legacy is immense. His emphasis on primary sources, scientific methods, and contextual understanding continues to be a cornerstone of historical research today. His work has influenced generations of historians and contributed significantly to the evolution of the discipline.
While Ranke's approach has been criticized for its focus on political history and its potential for Eurocentrism, his contributions to the field of history are undeniable. He is considered a foundational figure in the development of modern historiography and his work continues to inspire and inform historians around the world.