Major Resources:
* Timber: Forests were vast and abundant, providing lumber for construction, shipbuilding, furniture, and fuel.
* Coal: The Industrial Revolution saw an explosive demand for coal as a primary energy source for power generation and manufacturing.
* Iron Ore: Used in the production of iron and steel, which were essential for tools, machinery, and infrastructure.
* Water: Rivers provided power for mills, transportation for goods, and drinking water for growing populations.
* Land: Vast tracts of land were available for agriculture, grazing, and settlement.
* Minerals: Gold, silver, copper, and other minerals were mined and fueled trade and economic growth.
Regional Variations:
* North America: Vast forests, abundant coal deposits, fertile farmland, and rich mineral reserves fueled the American Industrial Revolution.
* Europe: Coal was the primary resource driving industrialization, while iron ore and timber were also crucial.
* Asia: China's abundant coal and iron ore reserves were starting to be exploited, while India had vast agricultural resources.
* Africa: The continent's vast natural resources, including gold, diamonds, and rubber, were exploited through colonization.
Impact on Society:
* Economic Growth: Natural resources fueled industrialization, trade, and economic expansion.
* Population Growth: Resource abundance supported population growth and urbanization.
* Environmental Impact: Exploitation of natural resources, particularly deforestation and mining, had significant environmental consequences.
* Social Change: The demand for labor in resource-based industries led to significant social and demographic changes.
Note: While the 1800s saw a surge in resource use, it's important to remember that these were not unlimited. Depletion and degradation were already starting to be recognized as potential problems.