1. Constitutional Role: Queen Elizabeth is the constitutional monarch of the UK and 15 Commonwealth realms. She formally appoints the prime minister, approves legislation passed by Parliament, and dissolves Parliament. She also grants Royal Assent to bills and acts of Parliament, making them law.
2. Head of the Armed Forces: The Queen serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces. She holds ceremonial honours and roles related to the military and inspects troops and attends military events.
3. Royal Prerogatives: The monarch exercises certain residual royal prerogatives, which are executive powers that she can use by convention and historical precedent. These include granting honours and titles, issuing passports, and declaring war or peace.
4. State Openings of Parliament: Queen Elizabeth formally opens each new session of Parliament, delivering the Speech from the Throne, which outlines the government's legislative agenda.
5. Commonwealth Leadership: As the head of the Commonwealth, the Queen plays a symbolic role in fostering collaboration and unity among the 54 member nations. She attends Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings and promotes Commonwealth initiatives.
6. Patronage and Charity: The Queen lends her patronage to hundreds of charities and organisations, raising awareness and supporting various causes. She also establishes new patronage appointments and grants royal charters.
7. Royal Tours: The Queen undertakes royal tours within the UK and overseas to meet with citizens, community leaders, and dignitaries, promoting goodwill, unity, and cultural understanding.
8. Royal Assent: The Queen provides Royal Assent to legislation passed by Parliament, formalising their enactment into law.
9. Diplomatic Functions: She receives and hosts foreign dignitaries for state visits, diplomatic events, and official ceremonies, representing the UK on the international stage.
10. Acts of Grace and Mercy: The Queen has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and annulments of criminal convictions.
It's worth noting that the Queen's role is largely symbolic and ceremonial, with the actual governance and decision-making powers lying with the prime minister and the elected government.