1. Life Support System: Space suits have a built-in life support system that provides the astronaut with breathable oxygen and removes carbon dioxide exhaled during respiration. This system also regulates temperature and ensures proper circulation of air within the suit.
2. Pressurization: Space suits are pressurized to counteract the near-vacuum conditions of space. This maintains the astronaut's body fluids from boiling away and prevents decompression sickness.
3. Mobility and Flexibility: Space suits are designed with joints and flexible materials to allow astronauts to move and perform complex tasks during spacewalks. However, due to the pressure inside the suit, movements can be somewhat restrictive compared to being in a normal atmosphere.
4. Thermal Protection: Space suits have multilayer insulation to protect the astronaut from extreme temperature variations in space, which can range from scorching heat in direct sunlight to freezing temperatures in the shade.
5. Communication System: Space suits are equipped with communication devices that enable astronauts to communicate with ground control and other crew members.
6. Redundancy: To ensure safety, space suits have backup systems for critical functions such as oxygen supply and communication. This redundancy helps mitigate risks in the harsh environment of space.
7. Visors and Helmets: The helmets of space suits provide the astronaut with a clear view of the surrounding environment. The visors are coated to protect the astronaut's eyes from harmful solar radiation and debris.
8. Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU): The EMU is an example of a complete space suit system used by NASA astronauts for spacewalks. It encompasses the suit, backpack, and other components needed for EVAs.
It's important to note that space suit designs may vary depending on the space program and mission requirements, and there are ongoing advancements and innovations in space suit technology to improve safety, comfort, and functionality for astronauts during spacewalks.