Disease and epidemics: Overcrowding and poor sanitation contributed to the spread of disease in London. The city was regularly hit by epidemics of plague, smallpox, and other infectious diseases. In 1593, the plague killed an estimated 15,000 people in London, about 10% of the city's population.
Crime and violence: London was a dangerous city, with high levels of crime and violence. The streets were filled with pickpockets, thieves, and murderers. The city was also home to a number of gangs, who were often involved in violent feuds.
Pollution and noise: London was a noisy, polluted city. The streets were filled with noise from traffic, construction, and the cries of street vendors. The air was polluted from smoke from coal-burning fireplaces and from the city's many tanneries and other industries.
Fires: London was prone to fires, due to its crowded, wooden buildings and the use of open flames for cooking and heating. The city experienced a number of major fires during Shakespeare's time, including the Great Fire of London in 1666.
Despite all of these challenges, London was a thriving city during Shakespeare's time. It was a center of commerce, culture, and learning. It was also home to a number of famous playhouses, including the Globe Theatre, where Shakespeare's plays were first performed.