*Soloist vs. Orchestra*: Both the Classical and Baroque concertos feature a soloist (or a small group of soloists) performing in contrast to the full orchestra. The soloist showcases their virtuosity and technical skills, while the orchestra provides accompaniment and support.
*Three-Movement Structure*: The Classical concerto typically follows a three-movement structure:
Fast-Slow-Fast
The first movement is typically in a lively tempo, with a clear sonata-allegro form.
The second movement is usually slower and lyrical, providing contrast to the outer movements.
The third movement is often a lively dance-like movement, such as a rondo or minuet.
This three-movement structure was already established in the Baroque concerto and continued to be used in the Classical period.
*Harmonic Structure: Both Classical and Baroque concertos use tonal harmony, with a clear sense of key and harmonic progression. The solo part often explores different keys and modulations, showcasing the soloist's command of harmony and musical expression.
*Improvisation and Cadenza: In both periods, there was a tradition of improvisation in concertos. The soloist was often expected to improvise certain sections, particularly during cadenzas. Cadenzas are written-out solo passages that provide an opportunity for the soloist to display their improvisational skills and virtuosity.
Differences between the Classical concerto and Baroque concerto:
*Orchestral Role*: In the Baroque concerto, the orchestra mainly provided accompaniment to the soloist. In the Classical period, the orchestra became more integrated into the concerto form, contributing to the musical dialogue and playing a more substantial role in the overall composition.
*Texture*: The Classical concerto tends to have a lighter and more transparent texture compared to the Baroque concerto. The orchestration is often leaner, with a greater emphasis on the clarity of individual parts.
*Dynamics and Expression*: The Classical concerto introduced a wider range of dynamics (loudness and softness) and expressive devices. Composers paid more attention to the use of dynamics, articulation, and phrasing to create musical nuance and contrast.
*Influence of Nationalism*: In the Classical period, there was a growing influence of national musical styles, which led to the incorporation of folk melodies, rhythms, and dance forms into concertos. This added a new layer of diversity and character to the concerto genre.
Overall, while the Classical concerto shares certain fundamental features with the Baroque concerto, it underwent significant changes in terms of orchestral integration, texture, dynamics, and expression, reflecting the evolving musical aesthetics and tastes of the Classical period.