What are two somatic reflexes in which the higher brain centers participate?

The concept of "somatic reflexes" traditionally implies automatic, involuntary responses mediated by the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, with minimal or no conscious input from the brain. However, there are reflexes where the brain does play a role, though often in a more "supervisory" capacity. Here are two examples:

1. The Startle Reflex: While the initial jump response to a loud noise or sudden movement is largely spinal-mediated, the brain quickly "takes over" in processing the threat, assessing the situation, and determining the appropriate subsequent response. This involves higher brain centers like the amygdala (fear processing) and prefrontal cortex (decision-making).

2. The Pupillary Light Reflex: While the constriction of the pupil in response to bright light is a classic reflex mediated by the brainstem, the brain can modulate this reflex. For example, if you anticipate a flash of bright light, your pupils might slightly constrict *before* the light even appears. This anticipation is due to the involvement of higher brain areas like the visual cortex and the prefrontal cortex.

Important Note: It's important to recognize that even in these examples, the primary control of the reflex still resides in the spinal cord or brainstem. The brain's influence is more about modulating and fine-tuning the response, adding flexibility and context to the reflex.