* The System: The novel heavily criticizes the systemic issues that create and perpetuate poverty, particularly in the inner city. This system is represented by various institutions, including the failing public schools, the lack of job opportunities, and the constant presence of police brutality.
* The Gangs: The gangs, while portrayed as offering some semblance of community and protection, ultimately trap the characters in a cycle of violence and destruction. They become a representation of the despair and hopelessness that leads to the characters' struggles.
* Internal Conflicts: The characters themselves struggle with internal conflicts, such as addiction, self-doubt, and a lack of self-belief. These inner battles act as major obstacles in their quest for a better life.
Therefore, it's not entirely accurate to name one singular antagonist. The novel paints a complex picture of social and personal struggles, where the antagonist is a culmination of these various elements.