Empiricism
Hume's empiricism is the idea that all knowledge is derived from experience. He argued that we can only know what we can perceive through our senses, and that all our ideas are ultimately derived from these sense impressions.
Skepticism
Hume's skepticism is the idea that we cannot know anything for certain. He argued that our senses are fallible, and that our reason is limited. As a result, we can never be certain that our knowledge is accurate.
Naturalism
Hume's naturalism is the idea that the natural world is the only reality. He argued that there is no such thing as a supernatural world, and that all phenomena can be explained by natural laws.
The prevailing school of thought during David Hume's time was rationalism. Rationalism is the idea that all knowledge is derived from reason. Rationalists believe that we can use our reason to arrive at certain and absolute truths about the world.
Hume's empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism were all challenges to the prevailing rationalism of his time. He argued that we cannot know anything for certain, and that all knowledge is derived from experience. This was a radical departure from the traditional view of knowledge, and it had a profound impact on the development of modern philosophy.
Hume's work is still studied and debated today, and he is considered one of the most important philosophers of all time.