Line Count: A sonnet consists of 14 lines, each typically written in iambic pentameter (a meter consisting of 10 syllables, with alternating stressed and unstressed syllables).
Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme for sonnets varies depending on the sonnet variation. The most common forms of sonnets are the Shakespearean (also known as English) sonnet and the Petrarchan (also known as Italian) sonnet.
Shakespearean Sonnet Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme for a Shakespearean sonnet is:
ABA-B-CDC-D-EFE-F-GG
Petrarchan Sonnet Rhyme Scheme: The rhyme scheme for a Petrarchan sonnet consists of two parts, the octave (the first 8 lines) and the sestet (the last 6 lines):
- Octave: ABBA-ABBA
- Sestet: CDCDCD or CDECDE
Thematic Structure: Although not a strict requirement, sonnets often follow a specific thematic structure. In a Shakespearean sonnet, this typically includes a description of the subject in the first two quatrains (8 lines), a turn of the argument or perspective in the third quatrain, and a concluding couplet that usually summarizes or emphasizes the main idea. In Petrarchan sonnets, the octave often establishes the theme or a problem, while the sestet offers commentary, reflection, or a solution.
Additional Features: Some sonnets may include volta, which is a turning point in the poem, typically occurring between the octave and the sestet in Petrarchan sonnets. Volta is often marked by a change in tone, perspective, or argument within the poem.
By following these characteristics and conventions, a poem can be categorized as a sonnet. Sonnets have a rich history and have been used by many poets to express various themes and emotions.