1. Setting: The story is primarily set in isolated, gloomy locations such as the Swiss Alps, the North Pole, and the sea, creating a sense of remoteness and vulnerability.
2. Darkness and Lighting: Shelley usess contrasting light and darkness, often describing scenes at night or in dimly lit environments, enhancing the eerie and unsettling tone.
3. Atmosphere: Shelley builds an oppressive and ominous atmosphere through descriptions of storms, fog, and extreme weather conditions, reflecting the inner turmoil of the characters and their struggle against powerful forces.
4. Supernatural Elements: The creature, a central figure in the novel, represents a supernatural and unnatural entity, blurring the lines between life and death and evoking a sense of the uncanny.
5. Secrecy and Mystery: The story involves secrets, hidden identities, and unresolved questions, keeping the reader in a state of uncertainty and suspense.
6. Psychological Torment: The novel delves into the psychological effects on Victor Frankenstein and other characters, exploring themes of guilt, remorse, and mental anguish, intensifying the Gothic atmosphere.
7. Death and Decay: Shelley incorporates themes of death and decay, often through descriptions of the creature's decaying body, adding to the macabre and unsettling tone of the novel.
8. Use of Language: Shelley's language contributes to the Gothic atmosphere, employiing evocative and vivid descriptions, as well as allusions to classical literature, mythology, and the Bible.
9. Isolation: The characters in the novel are often isoliert from society, whether physically or emotionally, creating a sense of vulnerability and heightening the Gothic effect.
10. Symbolism: Shelley uses symbolic imagery, such as the creature's physical ugliness representing society's rejection and the Arctic landscapes mirroring Victor Frankenstein's inner coldness, to enhance the Gothic undertones.
Collectively, these elements work together to create a Gothic atmosphere that pervades the novel Frankenstein and contributes to its enduring impact on literature and popular culture.