1640:
* The Short Parliament: King Charles I, facing financial difficulties and opposition from Parliament, called a short session of Parliament to raise funds. However, Parliament refused to grant him money unless he addressed their grievances, particularly regarding religious and political matters. Charles dissolved Parliament after only three weeks.
* The Long Parliament: Faced with further financial woes and a growing rebellion in Scotland, Charles was forced to recall Parliament in November. This Parliament, known as the Long Parliament, proved to be much more resistant to Charles's authority.
* The Root and Branch Petition: Parliament, under the influence of Puritan members, presented a petition demanding the removal of bishops from the Church of England.
* Impeachment of Strafford: The Earl of Strafford, Charles's close advisor, was impeached by Parliament for treason and executed.
1642:
* The Grand Remonstrance: Parliament presented a long list of grievances against Charles, including his attempts to rule without Parliament, his interference with religious matters, and his use of the army to suppress opposition.
* Charles Attempts to Arrest Five Members of Parliament: Fearing a coup by Parliament, Charles sent troops to the House of Commons to arrest five members accused of treason. However, he was thwarted, and this incident further escalated tensions between the King and Parliament.
* The English Civil War Begins: The conflict between the King and Parliament culminated in the outbreak of civil war in August. The Royalists, supporting Charles, fought against the Parliamentarians, who were also known as Roundheads.
Significance:
The events of 1640 and 1642 represent a turning point in English history. The conflict between Charles I and Parliament led to a bloody civil war that would reshape English society and politics. The war ultimately resulted in the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell.
These events also had a significant impact on the development of English political thought, leading to debates about the balance of power between monarchy and Parliament, as well as the rights and freedoms of individuals.