1. The Enlightenment and Romanticism:
* Enlightenment: The 18th century saw a surge in scientific advancement and the belief in human reason's ability to understand and control nature. This belief is reflected in Victor Frankenstein's ambition and the scientific hubris that leads to his creation.
* Romanticism: The late 18th and early 19th centuries also saw a rise in Romanticism, which emphasized emotion, imagination, and the sublime. This is seen in the novel's exploration of the dark side of human nature, the power of nature, and the overwhelming emotions experienced by the characters.
2. The Industrial Revolution:
* The rapid technological and industrial changes of the time caused social upheaval and anxieties about progress. The novel's themes of unchecked ambition and the unintended consequences of technological advancements resonate with these anxieties.
3. The Rise of Science:
* The 18th and 19th centuries saw tremendous scientific advancements, particularly in the field of electricity. These advancements fueled public fascination and fear about the potential for scientific breakthroughs to both benefit and harm humanity. This is reflected in Frankenstein's use of electricity to animate the creature.
4. The Gothic Tradition:
* The novel draws heavily on the Gothic genre, which emerged in the late 18th century and explored themes of horror, the supernatural, and the dark side of human nature. *Frankenstein* utilizes elements of this tradition, creating a chilling and unsettling atmosphere.
5. Social and Political Changes:
* The French Revolution (1789-1799) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) created a climate of political and social unrest across Europe. These events influenced the novel's themes of social isolation, alienation, and the dangers of unchecked power.
6. Personal Context:
* Mary Shelley's own life was filled with personal tragedy. Her mother died shortly after her birth, and her father, William Godwin, was a prominent radical thinker who faced persecution for his views. These personal experiences likely contributed to her exploration of themes like abandonment, isolation, and the search for identity in the novel.
In summary, *Frankenstein* reflects the anxieties and intellectual trends of its time. It explores the dark side of human ambition, the unintended consequences of scientific progress, and the power of nature. Its themes and imagery continue to resonate with audiences today, reminding us of the importance of ethical considerations in scientific advancement and the enduring power of the human imagination.