1. The Play Within a Play:
Hamlet stages a play mirroring the circumstances of his father's death to gauge Claudius' reaction. He notices Claudius' sudden departure, agitation, and disturbed state, confirming his suspicion that Claudius is guilty. This scene solidifies Hamlet's belief that Claudius is indeed the murderer.
2. The Prayer Scene:
Hamlet encounters Claudius praying and contemplates killing him. He observes Claudius expressing remorse, but decides against the act because Claudius is not repenting for the murder, but for the consequences of his actions. Hamlet believes that killing Claudius while he's praying would send him to heaven, not hell, and therefore not be just punishment.
3. Claudius's General Behavior:
Throughout the play, Hamlet observes Claudius's erratic and suspicious behavior. He notes Claudius's attempts to control Hamlet, his suspicious inquiries about Hamlet's mental state, and his overall discomfort in Hamlet's presence. These observations further strengthen Hamlet's belief in Claudius's guilt and his fear of exposure.
4. Claudius's Manipulation:
Hamlet realizes that Claudius is attempting to manipulate him through the use of flattery, promises, and threats. He recognizes that Claudius is trying to control him and prevent him from discovering the truth. This realization deepens Hamlet's distrust and fuels his desire for revenge.
5. Claudius's Deception:
Hamlet sees through Claudius's facade of innocence and piety. He recognizes the hypocrisy behind Claudius's public displays of virtue and his private machinations. Hamlet's observations reveal the true nature of Claudius as a scheming and manipulative tyrant.
In conclusion, Hamlet's observations of Claudius's reactions lead him to surmise that Claudius is guilty of murdering his father. He sees through Claudius's attempts to conceal his guilt and manipulates him into revealing his true nature. These insights fuel Hamlet's desire for revenge and drive the course of the play.