* Vocal cords: The vocal cords are two bands of tissue that are stretched across the larynx. When air passes through the larynx, the vocal cords vibrate and produce sound. The pitch of the sound is determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords.
* Pharynx: The pharynx is the muscular tube that connects the nose and mouth to the larynx. It helps to amplify the sound produced by the vocal cords.
* Nasal cavity: The nasal cavity is the air-filled space behind the nose. It helps to resonate the sound produced by the vocal cords and give it a nasal quality.
* Oral cavity: The oral cavity is the air-filled space behind the mouth. It helps to project the sound produced by the vocal cords and give it a clear articulation.
* Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a large muscle located at the bottom of the rib cage. It helps to control the flow of air into and out of the lungs, and it also helps to support the vocal cords.
* Intercostal muscles: The intercostal muscles are the muscles located between the ribs. They help to control the flow of air into and out of the lungs.
* Abdominal muscles: The abdominal muscles are the muscles located in the abdomen. They help to support the diaphragm and the vocal cords.