Clinical studies have tested different kinds of music on both musicians and non-musicians alike. Although some results vary, researchers have been encouraged by the overall stress-reducing effects of music on the human heart.
Music's effect on heart rate begins when sound waves cause the inner ear to vibrate. The brain translates the waves into an electrical impulse, which is sent through the cerebral cortex and on to the hypothalamus, a small area of the brain that controls heart rate.
Musical tempos have different impacts on heart rate. Listening to music with a slow tempo can slow the heart rate and breathing, while listening to fast-tempo music can produce the opposite effect.
Changes in volume have a similar effect on heart rate. Crescendos (increasing loudness) have been found to increase heart rate, while decrescendos (decreasing loudness) instigate a slower heart rate.
While music is known to affect heart rate, its vibrations also have an impact. Some therapists have used musical vibrations to successfully lower heart rate variability.
The changes between arousal and relaxation prompted by a proper mix of music can lessen the risks associated with heart disease and stroke. Music intervention has also been found to reduce dependence on sedatives and analgesics. Surgeons have even used harp music in the operating room to lower patients' heart rate.