What is the criterion for organizing instruments of orchestra in their present families?

The criterion for organizing instruments of the orchestra into their present families is based on their similarities in terms of construction, playing technique, and tonal qualities. Here are the main families of instruments and the criteria used to group them:

1. String Family:

- Criterion: Played by plucking strings with a bow or fingers.

- Members: Violin, viola, cello, double bass, harp.

2. Woodwind Family:

- Criterion: Produce sound by blowing air across a reed or mouthpiece.

- Members: Flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, saxophone.

3. Brass Family:

- Criterion: Produce sound by vibrating the player's lips against a metal mouthpiece.

- Members: Trumpet, trombone, French horn, tuba.

4. Percussion Family:

- Criterion: Produce sound by hitting, shaking, or scraping a variety of objects.

- Members: Drums, cymbals, xylophone, marimba, triangle, tambourine.

5. Keyboard Family:

- Criterion: Produce sound by pressing keys that trigger hammers to strike strings or metal bars.

- Members: Piano, harpsichord, celesta.

The instruments within each family share similar characteristics, such as the way they are played, their tonal qualities, and the techniques used to produce sound. This organization allows for effective orchestration and grouping of instruments to create specific timbres and textures within the orchestra.