1. Using different fingerings. Each different fingering combination produces a different pitch. The basic fingerings for the tuba are shown in the fingering chart below.
2. Using different mouthpieces. Different mouthpieces have different cup depths and rim diameters, which can affect the pitch of the tuba. A mouthpiece with a deeper cup will produce a lower pitch, while a mouthpiece with a shallower cup will produce a higher pitch. A mouthpiece with a wider rim diameter will produce a brighter sound, while a mouthpiece with a narrower rim diameter will produce a darker sound.
3. Changing the length of the tubing. The longer the tubing, the lower the pitch of the tuba. This is why tubas come in different sizes, from the smallest BBb tuba to the largest CC tuba.
4. Using a mute. A mute is a device that can be placed in the bell of the tuba to alter the sound. Some mutes, such as the straight mute and the cup mute, can lower the pitch of the tuba.
Here is a fingering chart for the tuba:
```
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| O | O | O | O | O | O |
| . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | X | X | X | X |
| X | X | X | X | O | O |
| O | O | O | O | O | O |
| . | . | . | . | . | . |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
```
The numbers 0-5 represent the fingers of the left hand, starting with the thumb. The dots represent the fingers of the right hand, starting with the thumb. The X's indicate that the finger should be lifted. The O's indicate that the finger should be down.