1. Stethoscope: A stethoscope is used to listen to sounds produced by the heart, lungs, and other internal organs. It helps detect abnormal heartbeats, lung abnormalities, and other respiratory problems.
2. Sphygmomanometer: A sphygmomanometer, along with a stethoscope, is used to measure blood pressure. It consists of an inflatable cuff wrapped around the upper arm, connected to a manometer that displays the pressure readings.
3. Ophthalmoscope: An ophthalmoscope is an instrument used to examine the internal structures of the eye, including the retina, optic nerve, and other components. It allows healthcare professionals to detect eye abnormalities and diseases.
4. Otoscope: An otoscope is used to examine the ear canal and eardrum. It helps identify conditions such as ear infections, inflammation, or foreign objects in the ear.
5. Tongue depressor: A tongue depressor is a flat, elongated wooden or plastic instrument used to depress the tongue during an examination of the mouth and throat. It allows better visualization of the oral cavity, including the tongue, gums, and tonsils.
6. Goniometer: A goniometer is a specialized tool used to measure joint range of motion. It helps assess the flexibility and mobility of various joints in the body.
7. Percussion hammer: A percussion hammer is used to tap specific areas of the body, such as the chest and abdomen, to evaluate the underlying organs. It helps detect abnormal sounds or sensations indicating potential health issues.
8. Neurological hammer: A neurological hammer, also known as a reflex hammer, is used to test reflexes by eliciting a response when tapped on specific body locations, such as the knee or ankle.
9. Tuning fork: A tuning fork is used in neurological examinations to assess hearing and vibration sense. By placing the vibrating fork on specific body parts, the healthcare professional can evaluate nerve function and sensory perception.
10. Tape measure: A tape measure is used to take various body measurements, such as height, weight, head circumference, and limb lengths. These measurements are important for monitoring growth and detecting potential growth abnormalities.
11. Disposable gloves: Disposable gloves are worn by healthcare professionals to ensure hygiene during physical examinations and prevent cross-contamination.
These instruments are integral tools used by healthcare professionals during a physical examination to obtain accurate information about a person's health status, detect medical problems, and make informed clinical decisions.