Muting is a technique used to reduce the resonance and volume of the sound produced by an instrument. On the cello, muting is typically achieved by placing a small object, such as a piece of foam rubber or cloth, between the strings and the bridge. This changes the way the strings vibrate and produces a softer, mellower sound. Muting can be used for a variety of musical effects, such as creating a more intimate or atmospheric sound, or to alter the timbre of the cello.
Harmonics are sounds produced by the vibration of specific parts of a string, rather than the entire string. On the cello, harmonics are typically produced by lightly touching the string with the left-hand finger at a specific location. This causes the string to vibrate at a higher frequency, creating a clear, bell-like sound. Harmonics can be used to add interest and variety to a cello performance, and they can also be used to create melodies and chords.
Both muting and harmonics are essential techniques for cellists, and they allow for a wide range of musical expression.