1. Embouchure: The player places their lips against the mouthpiece of the horn, creating an embouchure. The embouchure is responsible for controlling the airflow and producing a buzzing or vibrating sound.
2. Airflow: The player blows air through their embouchure into the mouthpiece, creating a stream of air.
3. Bernoulli Effect: As the air passes through the narrow opening of the mouthpiece, the speed of the air increases, causing a decrease in air pressure. This difference in air pressure is known as the Bernoulli effect.
4. Lip Vibration: The Bernoulli effect causes the player's lips to vibrate, interrupting the airflow and creating sound waves. The shape and tension of the player's lips determine the pitch and quality of the sound produced.
5. Resonance: The vibrating air column inside the horn resonates at specific frequencies, amplifying the sound waves produced by the player's lips. The length, shape, and design of the horn determine its resonant frequencies, giving each instrument its unique tone and timbre.
6. Sound Projection: The sound waves generated by the horn are projected into the surrounding environment through the bell, which acts as a loudspeaker, radiating the sound in all directions.
It's worth noting that the process of sound production in horns involves a complex interaction of acoustics, fluid dynamics, and human physiology, and requires skill, practice, and control from the player to produce a consistent and musical sound.