Symphonies 3, 5, and 9 by Ludwig van Beethoven: These symphonies pushed the boundaries of the classical symphony form, introducing innovative harmonic language, emotional expression, and structural developments.
Symphonie Fantastique by Hector Berlioz: This work showcased a programmatic approach, telling a story through music and incorporating unconventional instruments.
Symphonies by Johannes Brahms: Brahms' symphonies combined classical forms with Romantic expression, making a significant impact on the genre through their thematic development and orchestration.
Symphony No. 2 and Symphony of Psalms by Igor Stravinsky: These works marked a shift toward modernism, featuring rhythmic intricacies, dissonances, and experimental orchestrations that redefined the symphony as a contemporary form.