- Accent (>) or Staccato (\): These marks indicate that the note should be played with a pronounced, sharp attack.
- Tenuto (-) or Marcato (-): These marks indicate that the note should be played with a sustained or held quality.
- Staccatissimo (.) or Portato (~): These marks indicate that the note should be played with a very short duration, almost detached.
- Crescendo (<) or Decrescendo (>): These marks indicate a gradual increase or decrease in volume, respectively.
- Forte (f) or Piano (p): These marks indicate a strong or soft dynamic level, respectively.
- Mezzoforte (mf) or Mezzo-piano (mp): These marks indicate moderate levels of loudness, in between forte and piano.
- Fortissimo (ff) or Pianissimo (pp): These marks indicate very loud or very soft dynamic levels, respectively.