* Off-beat rhythm: The most distinctive feature of reggae is the off-beat rhythm, often referred to as the "skank" rhythm. This is characterized by the emphasis on the third beat of the bar, rather than the first or third.
* Syncopation: Reggae is also characterized by syncopated rhythms, which create a sense of off-kilter, "bouncy" feel. This is often achieved through the use of the guitar strumming patterns and the placement of the bass notes.
* Heavy bass: Reggae is also known for its heavy basslines, which typically follow the skank rhythm. This is often achieved through the use of a bass guitar or dub bass, which is a type of bass guitar with a pre-amplifier and effects unit that allows for a wider range of sounds.
* Call-and-response vocals: Reggae often features call-and-response vocals, where the lead singer sings a line and the backing vocalists respond with a complementary line. This call-and-response pattern can also be used with instrumental parts, such as the guitar and bass.
* Melodic improvisation: Reggae often features melodic improvisation, especially in the guitar and keyboard parts. This allows for a great deal of creativity and variation in the music.