This is the most common structural element in African music. One musician or group of musicians (the "caller") sings or plays a phrase, and then another musician or group (the "responder") echoes or answers it. This call and response pattern can be repeated many times, creating a sense of dialogue and improvisation.
2. Polyrhythm:
Polyrhythm occurs when two or more different rhythms are played simultaneously. This creates a complex and layered sound that is characteristic of African music. Polyrhythms are often created by using different instruments or by having different musicians play different rhythms on the same instrument.
3. Ostinato:
An ostinato is a repeated musical phrase or pattern that is played throughout a piece of music. Ostinatos can be melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic, and they help to create a sense of unity and cohesion in African music.
4. Improvisation:
Improvisation is a key part of African music, and it allows musicians to express themselves spontaneously and creatively. Improvisation can be done on any instrument, and it often involves the use of traditional melodies, rhythms, and harmonies.
5. Vocal Harmony:
Vocal harmony is another important element of African music, and it is often used in conjunction with call-and-response and polyrhythm. Vocal harmonies create a rich and textured sound that is characteristic of African music.