Loyalty and Duty:
* Loyalty to the King: Roland's unwavering loyalty to Charlemagne, even in the face of defeat and death, is central to the poem. He epitomizes the ideal knight, prioritizing his duty above all else.
* Loyalty to Companions: The bond between Roland and his companions, like Oliver and Archbishop Turpin, emphasizes the importance of camaraderie and standing by one another.
Courage and Valor:
* Facing Adversity: The poem celebrates courage in the face of overwhelming odds. Roland and his men fight bravely against the Saracens, even knowing they are outnumbered and outmatched.
* Sacrifice for Honor: Roland's decision to die fighting rather than sound the horn for help exemplifies the ultimate sacrifice for one's honor and the cause.
Pride and Hubris:
* Overconfidence: Roland's pride and refusal to sound the horn lead to his downfall. His belief in his own strength blinds him to the danger of his situation, showcasing the dangers of overconfidence.
* Pride in Battle: The poem also depicts the pride and egotism of Ganelon, who betrays Charlemagne due to his own resentment and desire for revenge.
Justice and Revenge:
* Divine Justice: The poem suggests a belief in divine justice, as Ganelon's betrayal is ultimately punished, albeit in a delayed fashion.
* Cycle of Violence: The poem shows how revenge can lead to a cycle of violence. Ganelon's betrayal triggers a chain reaction of violence and death, highlighting the dangers of vengeance.
Ultimately, The Song of Roland explores the complexities of human nature, the weight of loyalty and duty, the consequences of pride and betrayal, and the enduring power of courage and sacrifice in the face of adversity. The poem's themes remain relevant even today, offering insights into the timeless questions of honor, morality, and the human condition.