Start at the first fret. Remember that the order of the strings' open pitches, from bottom to top, is E, A, D, G, B, E. For each string, imagine the note a one-half-step up from the open pitch. This gives us F, A#/Bb, D#/Eb, G#/Ab, C and F.
Write the names of the natural pitches (F, C, F) onto brightly colored dots and stick them in the appropriate place.
P lace a dark-colored sticker in the appropriate place for the sharp/flat notes (A#/Bb, D#/Eb, G#/Ab). You can identify each of these notes by referencing its adjacent pitches. For example, if it is one fret down from B, then it is A#/Bb.
Continue up the neck in this way. For example, for the second fret, look at what you marked out for the first fret. Moving up a half-step each from F, A#/Bb, D#/Eb, G#/Ab, C and F, we get F#/Gb, B, E, A, C#/Db and F#/Gb.
Mark every note on the entire fretboard in this way, if you want; however, knowing that the 12th fret is the same set of notes as the open strings, you could also mark the same notes for the 13th fret as you did for the first, and so on. Or, you might leave everything above the 11th or 12th frets unmarked. It is up to you and should be determined based on your preferred learning style.