1. Pitch: The highness or lowness of a sound as determined by the frequency of sound waves.
2. Duration: The length or duration of a sound.
3. Loudness: The intensity of sound determined by the amplitude of sound waves.
4. Timbre: The unique tone quality or sound color that distinguishes different instruments or voices.
5. Melody: A succession of pitches organized in a meaningful phrase.
6. Harmony: The simultaneous combination of different notes or chords, adding layers and texture to the music.
7. Rhythm: The organization of musical elements in time, including patterns of strong and weak beats, and the tempo (speed) of the music.
8. Tempo: The speed at which a piece of music is played.
9. Dynamics: The variation in loudness and softness throughout the music, creating expressive dynamics.
10. Texture: The overall density and complexity of the musical sound, determined by the combination of the number of voices or instruments, their ranges, and the density of the notes played.
11. Structure: The organization of musical sections and how they form a coherent musical composition.
12. Expression: The emotional and artistic qualities conveyed through the music, including the performer's interpretation.