Loudness:
- Pianississimo (pp) - very, very soft
- Piano (p) - soft
- Mezzo piano (mp) - moderately soft
- Mezzoforte (mf) - moderately loud
- Forte (f) - loud
- Fortissimo (ff) - very loud
Sudden Changes:
- Crescendo (cresc.) - gradually louder
- Diminuendo (dim.) - gradually softer
- Forte subito (fp) - suddenly loud
- Piano subito (ps) - suddenly soft
Others:
- Morendo - dying away
- Perdendosi - gradually fading away
- Al niente - fade to nothing
- Sforzando (sfz) - a sudden, strong accent