Hardcore punk: Developed in the late 1970s, especially in Southern California. More aggressive interpretation of punk rock with an emphasis on short songs, quick tempos and a distorted sound.
Punk pop: Merges elements of punk rock and pop music. More melodic and accessible than traditional punk, with a focus on catchy hooks and memorable lyrics.
Post-punk: Emerged in the late 1970s as a reaction to traditional punk rock. More experimental, incorporates more diverse influences, such as electronic, jazz, and experimental music.
Oi!: Originated in the 1970s in the UK. Incorporates elements of street punk and football hooliganism. Often characterized by patriotic and nationalist themes, and a strong sense of community and solidarity.
Cowpunk: Fusion of punk rock and country music. Developed in the 1980s in the United States, especially in Texas. Combines elements of traditional country music, such as twangy guitars and cowboy imagery, with a punk rock attitude.
Crust punk: Originated in the late 1970s in the UK, as an offshoot of hardcore punk and anarcho-punk. Characterized by a nihilistic and anti-authoritarian stance, with lyrics often dealing with themes of social and political oppression, poverty and mental health.
Street punk: Emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. Heavily influenced by Oi!, but with more of a focus on the struggles and experiences of marginalized individuals. Often incorporates themes of poverty, addiction and homelessness.
Anarchy punk: Subgenre that emerged in the late 1970s in the UK. Closely associated with anarchist ideologies and anti-authoritarianism. Often incorporates DIY ethics and a rejection of mainstream commercialism.
Ska punk: Blends elements of punk rock and ska music, which originated in Jamaica in the 1960s. Characterized by upbeat rhythms, horns and dance-able melodies, often with a political or satirical edge.
New Wave: Emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Incorporates elements of punk, pop, and electronic music. Known for its distinct synth-heavy sound, and often seen as a precursor to the synth-pop movement.
Emo: An offshoot of punk that originated in the 1980s. Characterized by emotional, introspective lyrics and heartfelt performances. Often associated with a particular fashion style and a sense of alienation.
Pop-punk: A more melodic and accessible form of punk, emerged in the 1990s. Characterized by catchy hooks and choruses, often infused with pop-influenced melodies.