1. Surdo:
- The surdo is a large, low-pitched drum that serves as the heartbeat of a samba ensemble.
- It typically consists of a wooden barrel-shaped body with a goatskin or synthetic head.
- Surdo players often use mallets with varying degrees of softness to produce different sounds.
- There are different types of surdos, including the surdo de primeira (first surdo), surdo de segunda (second surdo), surdo de terceira (third surdo), and surdo de resposta (response surdo), each with its own distinct rhythmic pattern.
- The surdo's primary function is to provide a steady, repetitive bassline that anchors the samba groove.
- It helps maintain tempo, drive the rhythm, and create the foundation for other instruments.
2. Apito:
- The apito is a whistle or a high-pitched percussion instrument used in samba music.
- It is a small, handheld instrument made of metal or plastic, with a mouthpiece and a pea or bead inside to produce a piercing sound.
- The apito player usually stands at the front of the samba bateria (drum section), acting as a conductor and providing rhythmic cues to the other musicians.
- The apito's primary function is to signal changes in the samba rhythm, initiate specific sections or breaks, and cue other instruments to join in or drop out.
- It helps synchronize the ensemble and adds an element of call and response to the music.
Both the surdo and apito are essential instruments in samba music. The surdo provides a solid rhythmic foundation, while the apito offers intricate cues and guidance for the entire bateria, ensuring a cohesive and dynamic performance.