1. Titles and subtitles: The title of a poem can provide important information about its subject matter, tone, and themes. Subtitles can provide additional details or context.
2. Epigraphs: An epigraph is a short quotation or saying that is placed at the beginning of a poem. It can provide a hint about the poem's meaning or tone, or it can serve as a dedication or acknowledgment.
3. Headnotes and footnotes: Headnotes and footnotes are brief notes or explanations that are placed at the beginning of or on the page of a poem. They can provide information about the poem's background, context, or allusions.
4. Descriptive language: Poets use descriptive language to create vivid images and convey information about the poem's setting, characters, and events. This can be done through the use of figurative language, such as metaphors, similes, and personification.
5. Symbolism: Poets often use symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts. These symbols can be objects, animals, or even colors and numbers. They can provide additional layers of meaning to the poem and encourage readers to think more deeply about its themes.
6. Structure and form: The structure and form of a poem can also provide information for the reader. For example, a sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and structure. This form can help to create a sense of order and unity in the poem, and it can also be used to convey meaning or emotion.
7. Voice and tone: The voice and tone of a poem can provide important clues about the speaker's perspective and attitude. This can be conveyed through the use of language, imagery, and figurative language.
By carefully considering all of these elements, readers can gain a deeper understanding of a poem's meaning and appreciate its artistry.