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Rules for Terza Rima Poetry

Terza rima poetry is a poetic form that uses an interlocking rhyme scheme of aba, bcb, cdc, and so on. The last word in the second line of the stanza rhymes with the last word in the first and third lines of the following stanza. Because of this rhyme scheme, terza rima poems are almost always written in tercets, or groups of three lines. English terza rima poems are most often written in iambic pentameter, each line containing five pairs of double beats. Some are written in tetrameter, with four pairs of double beats. You must be consistent in line length throughout the poem.
  1. Example of Terza Rima

    • An English example of terza rima is Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind."

      O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,

      Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead

      Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,

      Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,

      Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O thou,

      Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed

      The wingèd seeds, where they lie cold and low,

      Each like a corpse within its grave, until

      Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow

      This excerpt from the poem shows the tercet stanzas of three lines each. The rhyme scheme aba bcb cdc.

    History of Terza Rima

    • Terza rima was invented by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri in the late 13th century. Dante used this poetic form throughout his epic poem "The Divine Comedy." Geoffrey Chaucer introduced terza rima to England in the 14th century in his poem "Complaints to his Lady." Thomas Wyatt, a 16th century poet credited with introducing the sonnet poetic form into English, helped popularize terza rima through his poetry and satires.

    Tezra Rima in Contemporary Poetry

    • Terza rima is still used by poets today. Examples of terza rima are "Terza Rima" by Adrienne Rich, "The Yachts" by William Carlos Williams, and "Sow" by Sylvia Plath. Twentieth Century English terza rima seems to incorporate more slant rhymes. A slant rhyme focuses more on the ending consonant rather than the vowel sounds. An example can be found in an excerpt from Sylvia Plath's "Sow."

      Thus wholly engross

      The great grandam!--our marvel blazoned a knight,

      Helmed, in cuirass,

      Unhorsed and shredded in the grove of combat

      By a grisly-bristled

      Boar, fabulous enough to straddle that sow's heat.

      "Knight," "combat" and "heat" don't rhyme. But they share ending consonant sounds so they would be considered a slant rhyme.

    The Terza Rima Sonnet

    • Another form of terza rima is the terza rima sonnet. In Robert Frost's "Acquainted with the Night," you can see an example of the terza rima sonnet:

      I have been one acquainted with the night.

      I have walked out in rain -- and back in rain.

      I have outwalked the furthest city light.

      I have looked down the saddest city lane.

      I have passed by the watchman on his beat

      And dropped my eyes, unwilling to explain.

      I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet

      When far away an interrupted cry

      Came over houses from another street,

      But not to call me back or say good-bye;

      And further still at an unearthly height,

      O luminary clock against the sky

      Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right.

      I have been one acquainted with the night.

      In the terza rima sonnet, the last stanza is a couplet, it has two lines instead of three. The rhyme scheme for the last two stanzas in the terza rima sonnet is aba bb.

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