The parts of speech are the categories we group the words of our language in to show how they are used. There are eight parts of speech, each of which has its own definition. They are nouns (person, place or thing), verbs (action), adjectives (word that modifies a noun), adverbs (word that modifies a verb or other adverbs), pronouns (word that stands for a noun), prepositions (shows relation to a noun), conjunctions (links sentences and clauses) and interjections (exclamations).
A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and predicate. A sentence must have a subject and predicate to be complete. The subject of a sentence is what the sentence is about. This is usually someone or something doing an action. The predicate contains all other information, such as the action being done and the object of the sentence (who or what is receiving the action). Here's a simple sentence: John hit the ball. In this sentence, John is the subject. "Hit the ball" is the predicate. A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject or predicate.
A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence to the adjective that describes it. An example: That silk feels soft. "Feels" is a linking verb connecting the subject (silk) to the adjective (soft).
A transitive verb is a verb that takes an object. The object should be affected by the transitive verb. An example: He broke the window. "Broke" is a transitive verb because it describes what happened to the object, the window.
An intransitive verb takes no object. An example: They crashed. Nothing follows the verb "crashed," which makes it intransitive. There is nothing to be affected after the verb.
A verb phrase is simply a verb and any complement, object, or adverbial in the sentence with it.
A concrete noun is something you can see, hear, touch, or smell. A car, dog, hat, and water are all concrete nouns. An abstract noun is just the opposite. Air, thought, happiness, and anger are abstract nouns.
Common nouns are general words such as dog, cat and fish. A proper noun is the specific name of someone or something. Soda is a common noun. Coca-Cola is a proper noun.