Sproul published extensively on the taxonomy and ecology of plants, including the following books:
- The Vegetation of the San Francisco Bay Region (1924)
- Some Investigations on the Vegetation of the San Francisco Bay Region (1929)
- The Distribution of the Pacific Coast Oaks (1932)
- The Native Plants of California (1936)
- The Life History of the California Ground Squirrel (1951)
- The Aquatic Plants of California (1961)
He also wrote several popular books about plants, including:
- The Art of Botanical Illustration (1947)
- Seeds of American Trees (1949)
- Wildflowers of California (1957)
- California Plant Life (1967)
Sproul was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the California Academy of Sciences. He was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.