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How to Decipher a Parallel in Literature

A parallel, also sometimes called parallelism, refers to a sentence that contains grammatically similar structures. Writers of literature use parallel statements for rhetorical effect, such as Shakespeare in "Richard II":



I'll give my jewels for a set of beads,

My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,

My gay apparel for an almsman's gown,

My figured goblets for a dish of wood . . . . (3.3.170-73)



Each line in this excerpt contains almost identical patterns of parts of speech: pronoun-noun-preposition-noun phrase. Locating parallels in literature requires knowledge of the eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions and interjections.

Instructions

    • 1

      Locate the list in the text. Parallel phrases always contain a list of at least two items or more, such as in the "Richard II" example, which contains a list of four phrases. Commas or conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") usually separate the items and indicate a list.

    • 2

      Circle or underline each item in the list or series and number them.

    • 3

      Parse the parts of speech in each item. This means, label each word for the part of speech it belongs to. In the same Shakespeare example, you would start by labeling "jewels" as a noun and "for" as a preposition. Proceed in the same manner, labeling all the words in each item of the list.

    • 4

      Look back over the list you have parsed and determine if a pattern exists between the items. That is, determine if there is a similar order of the parts of speech in each item in the series. The items do not have to be absolutely identical, but they should more or less parallel each other.

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