1. Satyagraha (Truth Force): This is the cornerstone of Gandhi's philosophy and practice. It involves non-violent resistance to injustice, standing up for truth and righteousness without resorting to violence. This involved:
* Civil Disobedience: Refusal to obey unjust laws, such as the Salt Satyagraha, where Indians defied the British salt tax by making their own salt.
* Non-cooperation: Boycotting British goods and institutions, such as refusing to buy British cloth, attend government schools, or participate in elections.
* Fasting: Gandhi used fasting as a form of self-purification and to press for political change, as seen in his fasts for Hindu-Muslim unity and against untouchability.
2. Ahimsa (Non-Violence): Gandhi believed in the inherent goodness of all beings and the power of love and compassion. This principle was deeply rooted in his Hindu and Jain beliefs. He emphasized:
* Love for the Oppressor: Gandhi believed in loving the oppressor and showing them kindness, even while resisting their oppression.
* Self-Suffering: He was willing to endure pain and suffering himself, rather than inflicting it on others. He was often beaten and imprisoned for his actions.
3. Truth and Justice: Gandhi emphasized the importance of truth and justice in his struggle. He believed that these principles were essential for a just and peaceful society.
4. Mass Mobilization: Gandhi was a master of mobilizing the masses. He used public meetings, speeches, and marches to raise awareness about the injustices of British rule and to inspire people to take action.
5. Satyagraha Ashrams: Gandhi established Satyagraha Ashrams, where he trained followers in the principles of non-violent resistance. These ashrams served as centers for learning and activism.
6. Public Appeals: Gandhi wrote extensively and frequently used public appeals, letters, and articles to reach a wider audience and build international support for the Indian independence movement.
It's important to note that Gandhi's methods were not always universally accepted within the Indian independence movement. Some argued for more radical and violent approaches, while others questioned his effectiveness. However, his unwavering commitment to non-violence and his ability to inspire millions contributed significantly to India's eventual independence.