When used in a novel, deus ex machina can appear in various forms. It could involve a sudden change of heart or revelation that conveniently saves the protagonist, the unexpected arrival of a powerful individual who solves the crisis, or the introduction of a previously unknown element or factor that turns the situation in the protagonist's favor.
Deus ex machina is considered a narrative flaw because it undermines the credibility of the story by disregarding previously established rules or logical developments. It can leave readers feeling unsatisfied and unconvinced by the resolution, as it appears to be forced and disconnected from the rest of the narrative.
However, deus ex machina can be used effectively if employed creatively and sparingly. In some cases, it can provide an ironic twist or serve as a humorous device. Additionally, it can be employed to comment on the unpredictable nature of life and highlight the limitations of human understanding and control.
Examples of deus ex machina in novels include:
- In Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist," the timely intervention of Mr. Brownlow, a wealthy and kind-hearted gentleman, saves Oliver from the villainous Bill Sikes and ultimately leads to his happy ending.
- In H.G. Wells' "The War of the Worlds," humanity is unexpectedly saved from the invading Martians by a sudden epidemic of bacteria to which they are susceptible.
- In J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings," the timely appearance of the eagles in the Battle of the Five Armies serves as a deus ex machina, rescuing the protagonists from certain defeat.
Recognizing deus ex machina in a novel can be an important aspect of critical analysis, as it draws attention to the techniques authors employ in constructing their narratives and the impact those choices have on the reader's experience and interpretation of the story.