1. Phonological awareness: This refers to the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds in spoken language. This includes:
* Phonemic awareness: The ability to identify and manipulate individual phonemes (the smallest units of sound in a language).
* Phonological segmentation: The ability to divide words into their individual phonemes.
* Blending: The ability to combine individual phonemes into words.
2. Phonics: This refers to the ability to connect letters with the sounds they represent. This includes:
* Letter recognition: The ability to identify individual letters.
* Letter-sound correspondence: The ability to associate letters with the sounds they represent.
* Decoding: The ability to use phonics to pronounce unfamiliar words.
3. Fluency: This refers to the ability to read smoothly and accurately. This includes:
* Rate: The speed at which a person can read.
* Accuracy: The ability to read words correctly.
* Expression: The ability to read with appropriate intonation and phrasing.
4. Vocabulary: This refers to the knowledge of words and their meanings. This includes:
* Word recognition: The ability to identify words.
* Word meaning: The ability to understand the meaning of words.
* Vocabulary acquisition: The ability to learn new words.
5. Comprehension: This refers to the ability to understand what one has read. This includes:
* Main idea: The ability to identify the main point of a text.
* Supporting details: The ability to identify the details that support the main idea.
* Inference: The ability to make inferences about the text.
* Critical thinking: The ability to analyze and evaluate the information in the text.
6. Motivation: This refers to the desire and willingness to read. This includes:
* Interest: The enjoyment of reading.
* Attitude: The positive attitude toward reading.
* Self-efficacy: The belief in one's ability to read successfully.