Make a list of several literary agents that represent the type of book you wrote by researching them on websites like Agent Query and Publishers Marketplace. Take note of each agent's submission guidelines, as they may vary slightly from agency to agency. Like publishing houses, some agents do not accept submissions from new authors, although many are interested in taking on new, unpublished clients; their websites will indicate this information.
Write a query letter for your novel. Open by addressing the agent by name, followed by an introductory paragraph stating the title, genre and word count of your novel. Compose the body, which is a short blurb about your novel, much like you would find on the back cover once it is published. Finish with a closing paragraph that includes a short bio of your writing career, and thank the agent for his time.
Submit the query, along with a few sample chapters and/or a full synopsis of your novel via mail or email, depending on the agency's guidelines. Include a self-addressed stamped envelope (SASE) if you are querying through regular mail; otherwise, you will not receive a response or your material back. Avoid querying until you have a completed, revised and prepared novel, as an agent may contact you immediately requesting to read the book.
Read the agency contract thoroughly before signing; agents earn a percentage of the royalties on published books. Once you have representation, you and your agent will work together on revising your novel and preparing to submit it to various publishing houses. While you have a say in the process, your agent will prepare the submission package, including the photocopies and a personal letter to the editor, and will also negotiate any offers you get for publication.
Research publishing houses on Publishers Marketplace or Writer's Market and make a list of those that both publish the type of book you wrote and specifically state that they accept unsolicited submissions. Do not waste your time sending your novel to publishers that will not read it. Submit your book directly to an editor, rather to the house in general. Editors work at different imprints, or sections, of publishing houses, and each imprint specializes in different genres. Publisher's Marketplace and Writer's Market list imprints and editors by name and also include the books they have published.
Write a query letter similar to one you would write for a literary agent. Include the title, genre and word count of your novel, an enticing blurb and a short bio of your writing accomplishments. Read the publishing house's guidelines to see any specific requests regarding synopses or sample chapters. Most houses will not want the full book to start with, so do not waste paper by sending the complete manuscript until requested.
Format your manuscript carefully, including a title page with your name and contact information. Double-space the document and use 12 pt Times New Roman or Courier font. Begin each chapter on a new page, and create a right header with both your last name and the page number (e.g., Smith-42) for each page. Do not use fancy fonts or paper, and mail the manuscript standard media mail in simple packaging. Include an SASE for a response or the return of your materials.