* Neo-Assyrian Empire: The Assyrians conquered Babylon in the 7th century BCE, effectively ending the Babylonian Empire for a time.
* Neo-Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire): After a period of Assyrian dominance, the Babylonians rebelled and re-established their own empire under the Chaldean dynasty in the 7th century BCE. This empire was eventually conquered by the Persians.
* Achaemenid Persian Empire: The Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon in 539 BCE, marking the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. The Persians ruled over a vast territory, including Babylonia, for centuries.
* Seleucid Empire: After Alexander the Great's death, his vast empire was divided among his generals. The Seleucid Empire, established by Seleucus I Nicator, ruled over Babylonia for several centuries, eventually being weakened by internal struggles and external threats.
* Parthian Empire: The Parthians, a nomadic people from the east, conquered much of the Seleucid Empire, including Mesopotamia, in the 3rd century BCE. They established a powerful empire that rivaled Rome for centuries.
* Roman Empire: The Roman Empire conquered the Parthian Empire in the 1st century AD. While Babylonia was not a major center of Roman power, it remained part of their vast territory for centuries.
* Sassanid Empire: The Sassanid Empire, a Persian dynasty that arose in the 3rd century AD, eventually replaced Roman rule in Mesopotamia and established a new Persian empire that lasted for centuries.
So, depending on which period of history you're interested in, there were various empires and political entities that followed the Babylonian Empire.