1. Lightning rod: Invented by Benjamin Franklin, the lightning rod is a metal rod that is installed on a structure to protect it from lightning strikes by providing a path of least resistance for the electrical discharge to safely reach the ground.
2. Hydraulic press: Invented by Joseph Bramah, the hydraulic press is a machine that uses the principles of hydraulics to generate large forces by utilizing a small force acting on a liquid.
3. Chronometer: John Harrison's marine chronometer, known as the H4, was completed in 1756. The chronometer was a precision timekeeping device that allowed sailors to accurately determine their longitude at sea, greatly improving navigation and reducing the risk of shipwrecks.
4. Spinning jenny: Invented by James Hargreaves, the spinning jenny was a multi-spindle spinning machine that enabled a single worker to produce multiple threads simultaneously, significantly increasing the efficiency of yarn production.
5. Refracting telescope: Invented by John Dollond, the refracting telescope incorporated multiple lenses to correct for chromatic aberration, producing clearer and sharper images.
6. Pyrophorus: Invented by Johann Heinrich Pott, the pyrophorus is a substance that emits light and heat when exposed to air, due to a chemical reaction involving the oxidation of phosphorus.
7. Planetary Orrery: Invented by John Rowley, the planetary orrery was a mechanical model of the Solar System that could demonstrate the relative motions and positions of the planets.