For Gothic architects, the issue of space was prominent in designing cathedrals throughout Europe. Architects desired open space, but this was nearly impossible because of the extreme weight of the stone building materials. Around the year 1100, architects began experimenting in engineering, and eventually great achievements were made. The pointed arch was developed to replace the round arch; it was easily adaptable and required less thrust. Ribs led the way to larger, more intricate stained-glass windows because of their ability to distribute weight and use lighter materials. Flying buttresses, which first saw use around 1170, were used as support systems on the outside of cathedrals and provided support from the exterior of the building.
Stained glass became a common aesthetic feature in Gothic architecture. With the increased system of durability, stained glass was incorporated into cathedrals without worry about shattering. Such stained glass contained vibrant colors and religious themes, including scenes of Jesus' life, the Bible and the Virgin Mary. Worshipers considered light streaming through the stained glass as a means of communication with heaven.
Sculpturing developed significantly during the period of Gothic art. At the beginning of the period, sculptures appeared heavy and unrealistic. Many included religious figures and were placed in or on cathedrals and were meant to promote worship. As the period progressed, artists perfected the drapery worn by the sculpted figures and succeeded in making them look lifelike. Additionally, sculptors created graceful scenes with realistic hair, facial expressions and interactions between sculptures.
Painting, like sculpture, developed stylistically over time. At the time, Gothic paintings were not meant to be seen by large crowds and were typically placed in Bibles or books, read only by the highly educated. Early Gothic paintings appear flat and devoid of emotion. Many had perspective problems. However, just as sculpture developed in style, so did Gothic paintings. Toward the end of the period, paintings became somewhat more realistic, although issues with perspective still remained.