Neoclassicism was the major theme of the 16th century. As the High Renaissance unfolded in Italy, it gave birth to exceptional artists like Michelangelo, Raphael and Da Vinci. Neoclassicism was the revival of classic Greek and Roman art, music and literature. In painting, it took the form of an emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of classical themes and subject matter. It reflected a renewed scientific and social interest in classical antiquity.
Baroque developed in the late 16th century and continued into the 17th. Baroque art is synonymous with movement, emotion, tension, drama and vitality. Baroque art was, in part, a progression from previous styles featuring stagnant characters and religious themes. Famous Baroque artists include Carracci, Caravaggio and Diego Velazquez. Velazquez's work, "Las Meninas," depicts the Baroque interest in shadow, movement, story and symbolism.
Mannerism, taken from the Italian "maniera" meaning style, was partly a reaction to the turmoil created by the upheaval of the Catholic Church, as well as an evolution from the naturalist, harmonious styles of the Renaissance. Mannerism works typically induce feelings of anxiety. The artificial coloring, illogical compression of space, and the elongated proportions of figures create an unsettled sensation despite the naturalistic settings on the surface. Mannerist artists emphasized intellect in their work. Mannerist painter El Greco reflected the unsettled emotions of the time. His work, "The Burial of the Count of Orgaz," has a haunting unnatural quality, despite the very natural theme.
The Dutch people created a lasting foundation of cultural heritage after a long and painful war with Spain. Dutch art reflects love for their country, culture and landscape. Dutch paintings often depicted everyday activities, as opposed to mythology or royal themes of other styles at the time. "The Wedding Dance," by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, reflects a happy yet simple scene. Religious themes were not readily apparent in Dutch art. The people believed God's work was evident in the landscapes and the world itself.