The positive forms of a two dimensional or three dimensional space automatically create negative space. The positive forms--those things that are there--have their own unique shape, as does the negative space (or that which is not there). When creating any art project, form and space do not need to be clearly delineated--it can be left uncertain and vague.
Balance is the distribution of form and space across a picture plane or within a sculpture. Balance is crucial, but balance can be achieved in different ways. For example, a picture does not need to be symmetrical to be balanced--sometimes balance is achieved through an uneven distribution of form. A large object in the foreground, while obvious and hard to miss, may be so large that it is out of focus, thus calling attention to the small and seemingly insignificant object in the background. The contrast between these two objects creates a balance. Balance is achieved both visually and psychologically--through contrast of form and idea (large and small, important and insignificant, and so on).
Color is such a basic component that is easy to overlook as an element of art and design. However, color is important for establishing balance and for creating a psychological impression on the viewer. Different colors have different effects on the viewer. For example, cool colors (primarily, blue, purple and green) may speak of peace, calm, life. water, cold or even depression. Warm colors (generally red, yellow and orange) speak of passion, heat, aggression, anger and energy. Colors must be used in partnership with each other to bring a picture plane or image together.
Value is the relative lightness or darkness of a color or neutral. When radically different values are combined in one piece, this is called contrast. Contrast is used to create drama and visual interest. Value is also used to establish depth and three dimensionality within a two-dimensional picture plane. For example, in a panoramic landscape, the objects closer to the foreground will be darker and clearer, while objects pressed far into the background will be softer and lighter. The farther an object is from the foreground of an image, the lighter it will become. Value is also used to illustrate the shape of an object on a picture plane, meaning the application of deep shadows on an object, coupled with highlights, will define the shape of that object, and give it a three dimensional appearance.
Different materials used in art have different textures, and different textures create visual interest. Textures also aid the visual flow of the piece. Textures are created by the medium (or material) that the piece is made from. For example, in a painting, one will see the texture of paint on the piece, and the texture of the canvas beneath it. Textures are also created through creative application of colors. Spots, stripes and jagged lines all may be applied to a piece to create texture.