Hatching is a basic shading technique. The artist creates dark values by adding parallel lines. To add a minimum amount of shading, use thin lines with a light touch. Apply more pressure to achieve darker values. Build extra tone by applying additional layers of parallel lines. Another technique, crosshatching, utilizes two sets of parallel lines, with each set placed perpendicular to the other. Combine hatching and crosshatching to add more depth and definition to an object.
Circulism is one of the most popular shading techniques, but it requires a bit more effort than the two varieties of hatching. Simply put, circulism is the application of many circles to add value in art. The circles should comingle, intersecting and laying upon each other so that they blend seamlessly. To increase the appearance of smoothness, draw smaller circles in a uniform manner. Larger circles drawn with varying roundness will convey a rougher quality.
The veiling technique is most useful when replicating a very smooth surface. It requires a delicate touch, lightly pulling the tip of the utensil across a surface to create subtle marks. To increase shading, apply additional layers in the same manner. However, be careful to avoid adding any distinct lines. Everything should be uniform and soft in appearance. Use an eraser or tissue to remove any distinct markings. There should be an even smoothness across the shaded area.
Blending is applicable to all of the preceding techniques. It utilizes a nonmarking substance to smudge marks, blending them together. Almost any material may be a blending tool, but there are a few consistently used tools. Tissue is a popular and versatile option. Dab it on markings to add texture, or rub it to create smoothness. A soft brush will add a more subtle smoothing effect, while dabbing a kneaded eraser works well to lighten values in specific areas.