Ledger lines: When a note is too high to fit on the staff, it's written on a ledger line. Ledger lines are short, horizontal lines that are added above or below the staff. Notes that are written on ledger lines are higher in pitch than notes that are written on the lines or spaces of the staff.
Octave signs: Octaves are groups of eight notes that repeat the same pitch. When a note is written an octave higher than the previous note, it's indicated with an octave sign. Octave signs are small circles that are placed above or below the notehead.