* Paper: He primarily used heavy, textured paper that could withstand the detail and layering of his work. He often used whatman paper, a high-quality drawing paper popular at the time.
* Pencils: Audubon used graphite pencils in various grades for outlining and shading.
* Watercolor: He used watercolors to add color to his drawings, often layering washes to achieve depth and realism.
* Ink: He sometimes used ink to create details or for outlining.
* Crayon: Occasionally, Audubon employed crayon for subtle shading or highlights.
Audubon was known for his meticulous attention to detail and his innovative techniques. He would often use a combination of these materials to create his stunning illustrations.